Trait nom::lib::std::borrow::Borrow1.0.0[−][src]

pub trait Borrow<Borrowed> where
    Borrowed: ?Sized, {
    pub fn borrow(&self) -> &Borrowedⓘ
Notable traits for &'_ mut I
impl<'_, I> Iterator for &'_ mut I where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,     type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;
;
}
[−]

A trait for borrowing data.

In Rust, it is common to provide different representations of a type for different use cases. For instance, storage location and management for a value can be specifically chosen as appropriate for a particular use via pointer types such as Box<T> or Rc<T>. Beyond these generic wrappers that can be used with any type, some types provide optional facets providing potentially costly functionality. An example for such a type is String which adds the ability to extend a string to the basic str. This requires keeping additional information unnecessary for a simple, immutable string.

These types provide access to the underlying data through references to the type of that data. They are said to be ‘borrowed as’ that type. For instance, a Box<T> can be borrowed as T while a String can be borrowed as str.

Types express that they can be borrowed as some type T by implementing Borrow<T>, providing a reference to a T in the trait’s borrow method. A type is free to borrow as several different types. If it wishes to mutably borrow as the type – allowing the underlying data to be modified, it can additionally implement BorrowMut<T>.

Further, when providing implementations for additional traits, it needs to be considered whether they should behave identical to those of the underlying type as a consequence of acting as a representation of that underlying type. Generic code typically uses Borrow<T> when it relies on the identical behavior of these additional trait implementations. These traits will likely appear as additional trait bounds.

In particular Eq, Ord and Hash must be equivalent for borrowed and owned values: x.borrow() == y.borrow() should give the same result as x == y.

If generic code merely needs to work for all types that can provide a reference to related type T, it is often better to use AsRef<T> as more types can safely implement it.

Examples

As a data collection, HashMap<K, V> owns both keys and values. If the key’s actual data is wrapped in a managing type of some kind, it should, however, still be possible to search for a value using a reference to the key’s data. For instance, if the key is a string, then it is likely stored with the hash map as a String, while it should be possible to search using a &str. Thus, insert needs to operate on a String while get needs to be able to use a &str.

Slightly simplified, the relevant parts of HashMap<K, V> look like this:

use std::borrow::Borrow;
use std::hash::Hash;

pub struct HashMap<K, V> {
    // fields omitted
}

impl<K, V> HashMap<K, V> {
    pub fn insert(&self, key: K, value: V) -> Option<V>
    where K: Hash + Eq
    {
        // ...
    }

    pub fn get<Q>(&self, k: &Q) -> Option<&V>
    where
        K: Borrow<Q>,
        Q: Hash + Eq + ?Sized
    {
        // ...
    }
}

The entire hash map is generic over a key type K. Because these keys are stored with the hash map, this type has to own the key’s data. When inserting a key-value pair, the map is given such a K and needs to find the correct hash bucket and check if the key is already present based on that K. It therefore requires K: Hash + Eq.

When searching for a value in the map, however, having to provide a reference to a K as the key to search for would require to always create such an owned value. For string keys, this would mean a String value needs to be created just for the search for cases where only a str is available.

Instead, the get method is generic over the type of the underlying key data, called Q in the method signature above. It states that K borrows as a Q by requiring that K: Borrow<Q>. By additionally requiring Q: Hash + Eq, it signals the requirement that K and Q have implementations of the Hash and Eq traits that produce identical results.

The implementation of get relies in particular on identical implementations of Hash by determining the key’s hash bucket by calling Hash::hash on the Q value even though it inserted the key based on the hash value calculated from the K value.

As a consequence, the hash map breaks if a K wrapping a Q value produces a different hash than Q. For instance, imagine you have a type that wraps a string but compares ASCII letters ignoring their case:

pub struct CaseInsensitiveString(String);

impl PartialEq for CaseInsensitiveString {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.0.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&other.0)
    }
}

impl Eq for CaseInsensitiveString { }

Because two equal values need to produce the same hash value, the implementation of Hash needs to ignore ASCII case, too:

impl Hash for CaseInsensitiveString {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        for c in self.0.as_bytes() {
            c.to_ascii_lowercase().hash(state)
        }
    }
}

Can CaseInsensitiveString implement Borrow<str>? It certainly can provide a reference to a string slice via its contained owned string. But because its Hash implementation differs, it behaves differently from str and therefore must not, in fact, implement Borrow<str>. If it wants to allow others access to the underlying str, it can do that via AsRef<str> which doesn’t carry any extra requirements.

Required methods

pub fn borrow(&self) -> &Borrowedⓘ

Notable traits for &'_ mut I

impl<'_, I> Iterator for &'_ mut I where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;
[src][−]

Immutably borrows from an owned value.

Examples

use std::borrow::Borrow;

fn check<T: Borrow<str>>(s: T) {
    assert_eq!("Hello", s.borrow());
}

let s = "Hello".to_string();

check(s);

let s = "Hello";

check(s);

Implementations on Foreign Types

impl Borrow<OsStr> for OsString[src][−]

impl Borrow<CStr> for CString[src][−]

impl Borrow<Path> for PathBuf[src][−]

impl<'_, T> Borrow<T> for &'_ mut T where
    T: ?Sized, [src][−]

impl<'_, T> Borrow<T> for &'_ T where
    T: ?Sized, [src][−]

impl<T, const N: usize> Borrow<[T]> for [T; N][src][−]

impl<T> Borrow<T> for Rc<T> where
    T: ?Sized, [src][−]

impl<T> Borrow<T> for Arc<T> where
    T: ?Sized, [src][−]

Implementors

impl Borrow<str> for String[src][+]

impl<'a, B> Borrow<B> for Cow<'a, B> where
    B: ToOwned + ?Sized,
    <B as ToOwned>::Owned: 'a, [src][+]

impl<T> Borrow<[T]> for Vec<T, Global>[src][+]

impl<T> Borrow<T> for T where
    T: ?Sized, [src][+]

impl<T, A> Borrow<T> for Box<T, A> where
    T: ?Sized,
    A: Allocator, 1.1.0[src][+]

impl<A: Array<Item = u8>> Borrow<str> for ArrayString<A>

impl<A: Array> Borrow<[<A as Array>::Item]> for ArrayVec<A>

impl Borrow<BStr> for BString

impl Borrow<[u8]> for Bytes

impl Borrow<[u8]> for BytesMut

impl<T: ?Sized + Pointable> Borrow<T> for Owned<T>

impl<T, N> Borrow<[T]> for GenericArray<T, N> where
    N: ArrayLength<T>, 

impl Borrow<str> for HeaderName

impl Borrow<str> for Buffer

impl Borrow<Asn1GeneralizedTimeRef> for Asn1GeneralizedTime

impl Borrow<Asn1TimeRef> for Asn1Time

impl Borrow<Asn1StringRef> for Asn1String

impl Borrow<Asn1IntegerRef> for Asn1Integer

impl Borrow<Asn1BitStringRef> for Asn1BitString

impl Borrow<Asn1ObjectRef> for Asn1Object

impl Borrow<BigNumContextRef> for BigNumContext

impl Borrow<BigNumRef> for BigNum

impl Borrow<CmsContentInfoRef> for CmsContentInfo

impl Borrow<ConfRef> for Conf

impl<T> Borrow<DhRef<T>> for Dh<T>

impl<T> Borrow<DsaRef<T>> for Dsa<T>

impl Borrow<EcGroupRef> for EcGroup

impl Borrow<EcPointRef> for EcPoint

impl<T> Borrow<EcKeyRef<T>> for EcKey<T>

impl Borrow<EcdsaSigRef> for EcdsaSig

impl Borrow<OcspBasicResponseRef> for OcspBasicResponse

impl Borrow<OcspCertIdRef> for OcspCertId

impl Borrow<OcspResponseRef> for OcspResponse

impl Borrow<OcspRequestRef> for OcspRequest

impl Borrow<OcspOneReqRef> for OcspOneReq

impl Borrow<Pkcs12Ref> for Pkcs12

impl Borrow<Pkcs7Ref> for Pkcs7

impl<T> Borrow<PKeyRef<T>> for PKey<T>

impl<T> Borrow<RsaRef<T>> for Rsa<T>

impl Borrow<SrtpProtectionProfileRef> for SrtpProtectionProfile

impl Borrow<SslContextRef> for SslContext

impl Borrow<SslSessionRef> for SslSession

impl Borrow<SslRef> for Ssl

impl<T: Stackable> Borrow<StackRef<T>> for Stack<T>

impl Borrow<OpensslStringRef> for OpensslString

impl Borrow<X509VerifyParamRef> for X509VerifyParam

impl Borrow<X509StoreBuilderRef> for X509StoreBuilder

impl Borrow<X509StoreRef> for X509Store

impl Borrow<X509StoreContextRef> for X509StoreContext

impl Borrow<X509Ref> for X509

impl Borrow<X509ExtensionRef> for X509Extension

impl Borrow<X509NameRef> for X509Name

impl Borrow<X509NameEntryRef> for X509NameEntry

impl Borrow<X509ReqRef> for X509Req

impl Borrow<GeneralNameRef> for GeneralName

impl Borrow<X509AlgorithmRef> for X509Algorithm

impl<T> Borrow<[T]> for RepeatedField<T>

impl<A: Array> Borrow<[<A as Array>::Item]> for SmallVec<A>